Incidence of Genital Organ Abnormalities in Female Genitalia of Marwari Goats

The present study was conducted to record various gross genital abnormalities of female genital organs in Marwari goats. A total of 115 genital organs were collected from municipal and local abattoir of Bikaner city, randomly. Slaughtered genital organs were segregated in 3 groups viz. healthy non pregnant, pregnant and abnormal groups based on their visual observations. The incidences of various gross genital abnormalities were recorded. Out of total 115 genitalia collected, 80 were found to be grossly normal (69.56%).The percentage of pregnancy wastage was 11.30% (13 out of 115). Over all 22 (19.13%) genitalia had abnormalities. The common genital abnormalities found were uterine infections (18), ovarian cyst (3) and parovarian cyst (1), respectively. All these genital disorders are causes a big damage to reproductive health of goat and if they are not diagnosed or treated early then they cause infertility.

Spectrum of cardiovascular diseases with increasing age and its association with geriatric syndromes

Objective: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is highest among the older adults, who are often carriers of various geriatric syndromes. Studies evaluating CVDs among the old adults in the low? and middle?income countries are limited. This study was conducted to assess the frequency of CVDs and their risk factors among the older population and their association with geriatric syndromes. Subjects and Methods: In this cross?sectional study, 200 health?care seeking adults aged ?75 years were subjected to routine comprehensive geriatric assessment (assessment for functionality, cognition, depression, frailty, and various geriatric syndromes) and a detailed cardiovascular evaluation using electrocardiography, chest X?ray, echocardiogram, HbA1c level, fasting lipid profile, thyroid function test, serum homocysteine level, and serum NT?pro?BNP. Results: The overall frequency of CVDs in this study was 76%. Polypharmacy, multi-morbidity, cognitive impairment, depression, frailty, and impairment of basic and instrumental activities of daily living were present in 50.5%, 91.5%, 6.5%, 10%, 30.5%, 24.5%, and 55% individuals, respectively. CVDs were significantly associated with increased risk of geriatric syndromes (multi?morbidity [odds ratio (OR) 3.61, confidence interval (CI) 1.13 – 11.54, P = 0.030], polypharmacy [OR 5.46, CI 2.23 – 13.34, P = 0.001] and frailty [OR 3.29, CI 1.01 – 10.64, P = 0.047]). Conclusion: The prevalence of CVDs and their risk factors among the older population was high and significantly associated with increased risk of geriatric syndromes. These observations further strengthen the need for routine geriatric assessment and integrated management of geriatric syndromes in older patients with CVDs.

Reporting adverse events of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine (Recombinant) among the vaccinated healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional survey

Background & objectives: The safety of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is a cause of concern for many who have been vaccinated. The people have multiple concerns and fear regarding the adverse events of the vaccine. Thus, this study was undertaken to establish the safety profile of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Vaccine (Recombinant) among the healthcare professionals. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. After taking clearance from the institutional ethics committee 1500 healthcare professionals, who had their vaccination in the past two weeks were selected. They were provided with an online survey proforma regarding adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) of COVID-19 vaccine developed using google forms with an informed consent form affixed to it. Results: A total of 1036 individuals participated in the study. The mean and median (inter quartile range) age of the participants was 37.7 ±11.25 and 35 (29-46) yr, respectively. Of these, 52.1 per cent were female, 29.3 per cent were doctors, 33.4 per cent were nurses and 9.5 per cent were paramedical staff. Forty six per cent participants experienced one or more minor AEFIs such as pain, tenderness, redness, etc. at the injection site. Fatigue (31.75%), generalized feeling of unwell (28.57%), muscle pain (23.16%) and fever (21.71%) were the most commonly reported systemic AEFIs followed by headache (20.07%), dizziness (10.03%) and joint pains (15.25%). Most of them experienced these AEFIs within 24 h of the first dose of administration. About 42 per cent of the participants took oral antipyretics/analgesics for managing the AEFIs. Interpretation & conclusions: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Vaccine was found to be associated with mild local and systemic AEFIs that were more common after the first dose as compared to the second dose. There adverse events could be dealt with oral over-the-counter medications, with no requirement of hospitalization

Macrocytosis is highly prevalent in Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Anemia is a most common health issue in Indian population mainly due to nutritional deficiencies. A number of factors contribute in anemia which is further categorized based on various parameters in hematological indices and microscopic examination.Methods: A retrospective study has been carried out on the patients (n = 1332) in a retrospective study on the patients (n = 1332) in Raebareli district to determine prevalence of anemia and subsequent categorization into normocytic, microcytic and macrocytic based on complete blood count (CBC) profile and blood smear.Results: This study demonstrates 15.54% patients were diagnosed for anemia and more than half of the total anemic patients (55.07%) were found to be suffered from macrocytosis which was found significantly more prevalent among male (65.17%) compare to female (38.38%) patients.Conclusions: Several factors may contribute to macrocytosis among male population including alcoholism in Raebareli region. However, female patients were found almost equally susceptible to all three forms of anemia: normocytic, microcytic and macrocytic. This study provides a key insight into prevalence and possible causes of different types of anemia in this region which may be useful for implementation of government health programs to counter this problem and provide better treatment plans.

Human herpes virus-8-negative kaposiform sarcoma in a HIV-positive male: Novel variant

Human herpes virus (HHV)-8 is associated with causation of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). An HIV-positive male with multiple nodules on the body was clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as a case of KS; however, immunohistochemistry was negative for HHV-8. This peculiar scenario of HHV-8-negative tumor with typical clinical and histopathologic findings was labeled as “Atypical spindled endothelial proliferation suspicious of Kaposi sarcoma”, hitherto unreported novel entity

Cholesterol Loaded Cyclodextrin Increases cryopreservability of Marwari Stallion (Equus ferus caballus) Spermatozoa by Increasing Cholesterol to Phospholipid Ratio

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) addition on cooled and frozen-thawed spermatozoa of Marwari stallion. A total of 48 ejaculates were collected from six adult Marwari stallions (8 ejaculates from each stallion) aged between 4 to 7 years. Immediately after collection semen sample was macroscopically evaluated and filtered into a warm, graduated measuring bottle to get gel free semen. The level of cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (P) in fresh spermatozoa were measured using ELISA. The semen sample was divided in to five equal aliquots (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4). Primary extender containing different concentrations of CLC was added to each aliquot (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mg/ml CLC in T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). All the aliquots were incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C for incorporation of CLC in sperm plasma membrane and then cryopreserved. Level of C and P in spermatozoa was also evaluated at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. The mean C, P and C: P ratio in fresh sperm was 15.36±0.47 μg/100 × 106 sperm cells, 46.21±1.27 μg/100 × 106 sperm cells and 0.33±0.071, respectively. The mean C content and C: P ratio were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group T3 as compared to other groups at both pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. It was concluded that addition of CLC may be helpful in increasing cryopservability of stallion spermatozoa

Prospects to the formation and control of potential dimer impurity E of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate / 药物分析学报

Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole derivative, is an irreversible proton pump inhibitor which is primarily used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The monographs of European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and United States Pharmaco-poeia (USP) specify six impurities, viz.; impurities A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively for its active phar-maceutical ingredient (API). The identification and synthesis of all impurities except impurity E are well described in the literature; however, there is no report related to impurity E. The prospects to the for-mation and controlling of impurity E up to ≤0.03％ in the synthesis of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PAN) were discussed in detail for the first time. The present work described the journey towards the successful development of an optimal preparation procedure of dimer impurity E. The most plausible mechanism involved in the formation of impurity E has been proposed.

Next-generation sequencing analysis reveals high bacterial diversity in wild venomous and non-venomous snakes from India

The oral cavities of snakes are replete with various types of bacterial flora. Culture-dependent studies suggest that some of the bacterial species are responsible for secondary bacterial infection associated with snakebite. A complete profile of the ophidian oral bacterial community has been unreported until now. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the complete bacterial compositions in the oral cavity of some snakes from India. Methods: Total DNA was isolated from oral swabs collected from three wild snake species (Indian Cobra, King Cobra and Indian Python). Next, the DNA was subjected to PCR amplification of microbial 16S rRNA gene using V3-region-specific primers. The amplicons were used for preparation of DNA libraries that were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Results: The cluster-based taxonomy analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most predominant phyla present in the oral cavities of snakes. This result indicates that snakes show more similarities to birds than mammals as to their oral bacterial communities. Furthermore, our study reports all the unique and common bacterial species (total: 147) found among the oral microbes of snakes studied, while the majority of commonly abundant species were pathogens or opportunistic pathogens to humans. A wide difference in ophidian oral bacterial flora suggests variation by individual, species and geographical region. Conclusion: The present study would provide a foundation for further research on snakes to recognize the potential drugs/antibiotics for the different infectious diseases.(AU)

Synthesis,isolation,identification and characterization of new process-related impurity in isoproterenol hydrochloride by HPLC,LC/ESI-MS and NMR / 药物分析学报

One unknown impurity(Imp-II)during the analysis of laboratory batches of isoproterenol hydrochloride was detected in the level ranging from 0.04% to 0.12% by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The unknown impurity structure was proposed as 4-[2-(propan-2-ylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol (Imp-Ⅱ)using the liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometry(LC–MS)analysis.Imp-Ⅱ was isolated by semi-preparative liquid chromatography from the impurity-enriched reaction crude sample. Its proposed structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy such as 1H, 13C,DEPT(1D NMR),HSQC(2D NMR) and infrared spectroscopy(IR),and retention time and purity with HPLC followed by the chemical synthesis. Due to less removable nature of Imp-II during the purification,the synthetic process was optimized proficiently to control the formation of Imp-II below to the limit<0.12% in the course of reaction.The new chemical route was developed for the preparation of this impurity in required quantity with purity to use as reference standard. The most probable mechanism for the formation of Imp-II was discussed in details.

Rare Case of Multifocal Cutaneous Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis: Posing Clinical and Histopathological Diagnostic Dilemma.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an ancient universal health problem, with cutaneous tuberculosis being a rare extra pulmonary form that accounts for only 0.15-2%. Here we report a case of elderly female diagnosed with multifocal, multicentric Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis. Presentation of Case: Sixty nine year old female presented to the skin out-patient department (OPD) at a tertiary care center, with chief complaints of multiple, multifocal asymptomatic raised verrucous lesions initially over the right upper limb and face, which insidiously progressed to involve lower limbs and nape of the neck, noticed from past 14 years. Based on histopathological features and clinical examinations, diagnosis of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis was made and patient was started on category 1 anti-tubercular treatment. Discussion and Conclusion: Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis occupies a pre-eminent position across the spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis is positioned between lupus vulgaris and scrofuloderma. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis is no longer the most frequent type of skin tuberculosis. Present rare case of multifocal tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, display histopathologic features in favor of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis. Partial remission in spite of long term anti-tubercular therapy and other modalities of treatment, as in this case report, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis remains a diagnostic dilemma difficult to be solved.

Location of Mandibular Foramen in Correlation with the Gonial Angle in Indian Population: A Morphometric Study for Surgical Practices.

Background: The mandibular foramen, is the emerging point of the neurovascular bundle which makes it fundamental for performing anaesthetic techniques for desensitization of the mandible in oral surgery interventions. The knowledge of position of mandibular foramen is neccessary while anaesthetizing palate during periodontal procedures, tooth extractions and maxillofacial surgeries. Objective: The present study was carried out to identify the position and location of mandibular foramen in relation to the angle of mandible (gonial angle) in adult human mandibles of Indian origin . Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 300 adult human dry skulls of Indian Population. Angle of mandible, Distance of mandibular foramen from angle of mandible and Angle of mandibular foramen with the base of mandible were measured. Measurements were done with Steel measuring tape and Mylometer. The data was Statistically analysed. Results and Conclusion: The Mean value of the angle of mandible (Gonial Angle) was 121.870 ± 6.220. The Mean value of the distance of mandibular foramen from angle of mandible was 22.78± 4.05 mm. The angle of mandibular foramen was Mean ± standard deviation of 82.240± 6.870. The morphometric correlation of the parameters analyzed in the mandibles showed a statistically significant Pearson correlation. Regression line was also derived.

Design and Development of Self-preserving and Preservative-free Herbal Liquid Oral Formulation.

Microbial contamination is one of the major inevitable concerns associated with herbal liquid formulations, which may originate from herbal raw materials. Inclusion of preservatives in herbal liquid formulations has been of considerable value for many years. Anti-microbial preservatives are normally added to prevent microbial proliferation while the product on shelf and during in use conditions. The properties of these preservatives are due to certain functional groups, which are usually harmful to living cells and might therefore be associated with certain risks when used in humans and they are the leading causes of adverse reactions and have negative and potentially life threatening side effects, because they not only act on microorganism but may also interfere with human cells. In this study, we have made an effort to develop a preservative-free and self-preserving liquid oral formulation by understanding and applying alternative principles of preservation (approaches other than using preservatives) by taking Ashoka herb extract as a prototype. Our series of formulation trials using different vehicle systems, which reduce the water activity by controlling the pH and osmotic conditions successfully yielded a vehicle system that could be used for the manufacturing of stable preservative-free/self-preserving herbal liquid oral formulations. Ashoka formulations were found to be physically, chemically and microbiologically stable during the six months of accelerated stability studies.

Management of Appendicular Lump: Early exploration Vs conservative management.

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute surgical condition of the abdomen and appendicular lump is formed if treatment is delayed. It is encountered in 2 – 6%of patients. The traditional treatment of appendicular lump is conservative followed by delayed appendectomy. During conservative treatment 10-20% are not resolved and lead to gangrene or perforation followed by localized abscess or generalized peritonitis requiring early surgical intervention. Aims & Objective: A comparison of early exploration versus conservative management of appendicular lump. Material and Methods: A total of 632 patients were admitted in emergency and OPD of this hospital with diagnosis of appendicular lump and acute appendicitis over a period of three years, all were included in the study. All age groups and both sexes were included. The patients were divided randomly into two groups. Group I, early surgical exploration and group II, conservative approach with OCHSNER SHERREN, REGIME followed by interval appendectomy. Results: Out of 632 patients, only 62 patients who presented with appendicular lump were reviewed, suggesting 9.81% incidence. Maximum patients were found in age group of 21–30 years. Average duration of symptoms was 4 days. Two methods were adopted for the management of appendicular lump. The first group included 31 patients who were operated immediately after investigations and second group of 31 patients were managed conservatively followed by delayed appendectomy. In the first group mean hospitalization time was 4 days. Residual abscess, adhesive intestinal obstruction, failure of treatment and readmission were not observed. In the II group mean hospitalization time 10 days, more chances of residual abscess, adhesive intestinal obstruction, failure of treatment and readmissions were noted. Conclusion: Based on our finding, it can be concluded that early surgical exploration confirms the diagnosis and cures the problem, reduce the cost of management, shortens the convalescence and hospital stay with reasonably satisfactory outcome.

Protocol for in vitro somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Development of highly efficient and reproducible plant regeneration system has tremendous potential to provide improved technology to assist in genetic transformation of indica rice cultivars for their further exploitation in selection. For the development of a highly reproducible regeneration system through somatic embryogenesis, mature embryos of highly popular rice cultivars i.e., Govind (for rainfed areas), Pusa Basmati-1 (aromatic basmati) and Jaya (for irrigated areas) were used. Optimum callus formation (%) to MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D was obtained at 12.0 mM in Govind, 14.0 mM in Jaya and 15.0 mM in Pusa Basmati-1. All the cultivars showed good proliferation on MS medium without hormone. In Govind, highest embryogenic response was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (0.4 mM) + kinetin (0.4 mM), while in Pusa Basmati-1 with 2, 4-D (0.4 mM) + kinetin (2.0 mM) and in Jaya on hormone-free MS medium. Excellent embryo regeneration in Govind was observed on MS medium supplemented with low concentrations (1.1 mM) of BAP or hormone-free MS medium, while in Pusa Basmati-1 and Jaya embryogenesis was observed on MS medium supplemented with higher concentration of BAP (2.2 mM). Similarly, maximum plantlets with proliferated roots were observed in Govind on hormone-free MS medium, while in Pusa Basmati-1 and Jaya on MS medium supplemented with high concentration of NAA (4.0 mM). Developed plantlets were further successfully acclimatized and grown under pot culture up to maturity. Further the yield potential of in vitro developed plants was accessed at par to the direct seeded one under pot culture. Present, protocol standardizes somatic embryogenesis and efficient regeneration of agronomically important, high yielding and diverse indica rice cultivars which can be utilized as an efficient tool for molecular studies and genetic transformation in future.

Sexually transmitted disease: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A Review.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy. The cause is a human immune deficiency virus, or HIV transmitted in blood and in sexual fluids. AIDS was first reported June 5, 1981. A combination of several antiretroviral drugs, called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has been very effective in reducing the number of HIV particles in the bloodstream. The best treatment for AIDS in humans is prevention by vaccination.

Swine flu: An overview.

Swine flu (swine influenza) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses belonging to family Orthomyxoviridae) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and result in nasal secretions, a barking-like cough, decreased appetite, and listless behaviour. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) is the recommended drug both for prophylaxis and treatment. The best treatment for influenza infections in humans is prevention by vaccination.

A case of suicidal rat poisoning masquerading as homicide.

This is a case report of bromadiolone poisoning, which was mistaken initially as a case of assault and homicide by the relatives and police. Bromadiolone acts by inhibiting vitamin K synthesis and produces multiple areas of bleeding that can bear a superficial resemblance to contusions. The history however, later revealed that the deceased had consumed a rat poison whose main constituent was bromadiolone. The clinical diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation was supported by the his-topathology findings, and the toxicological analysis confirmed the presence of bromadiolone. The antidote to this compound is vitamin K1 and in severe cases, whole blood or plasma also should be used. Once the patient has stabilized, and in less severe cases, vitamin K1 can be given orally.

Histomorphometric and sympathetic innervation of the human internal thoracic artery

INTRODUCTION: Internal thoracic artery (ITA) is an established arterial graft for the coronary artery by-pass surgery. Special micro-anatomical features of the ITA wall may protect it from age related pathological changes. One of the complications seen after coronary artery bypass grafting is vasospasm. Sympathetic nerves may be involved in vasospasm. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the sympathetic innervation of the internal thoracic artery and to assess the effect of aging on this artery by histomorphometry. METHOD: Fifty-four human internal thoracic artery samples were collected from 27 cadavers (19 male and 8 female) with ages of 19 to 83 years. Samples were divided into three age groups: G1, 19-40 years; G2, 41-60 years; G3, >61 years. Sections (thickness 5 mm) of each sample were taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson stains. Five of fifty-four samples were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. RESULTS: The thickness of the tunica intima was found to be constant in all age groups, whereas the thickness of the tunica media decreased in proportion to age. Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining showed numerous elastic laminae in the tunica media. Significant differences (p<0.0001) in the number of elastic laminae were found between G1 with G2 cadavers, between G2 and G3 cadavers and between G3 and G1 cadavers. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining demonstrated sympathetic fibers, located mainly in the tunica adventitia and the adventitia-media border. The sympathetic nerve fiber area and sympathetic index were found to be 0.0016 mm² and 0.012, respectively. DISCUSSION: Histology of the ITA showed features of the elastic artery. This may be associated with lower incidence of Atherosclerosis or intimal hyperplasia in ITA samples even in elderly cases. Low sympathetic index (0.012) of ITA may be associated with fewer incidences of sympathetic nervous systems problems (vasospasm) of the ITA. CONCLUSION: Sympathetic ...

Pharmacognostical studies on tubers of Momordica tuberosa Cogn., Cucurbitaceae / Estudos farmacognósticos de tubérculos de Momordica tuberosa Cogn., Cucurbitaceae

The study was aimed at establishing pharmacognostical profile for the tubers of plant Momordica tuberosa Cogn., Cucurbitaceae. Morphoanatomy of tubers of this plant were studied in order to establish its complete profile to aid in its identification and avoid confusion in its taxanomic species. These were established using light microscopy, WHO recommended physicochemical and phytochemical procedures. The parameters presented here may be used to establish the authenticity of tubers of this plant as this part has been used traditionally in India and also to differentiate between closely related Momordica species.

Este trababalho teve como objetivo estabelecer um perfil farmacognóstico dos tuvérculos da planta Momordica tuberosa Cogn., Cucurbitaceae. A morfoanatomia dos tubérculos da espécie foi realizada para estabelecer um perfil completo que possa ajudar na identificação e evitar problemas na sua taxonomia. Os ensaios foram realizados usando microscópio ótico, procedimentos fisico-químicos e fitoquímicos estabelecidos pela OMS. Os parâmetros apresentados podem ser usados para apresetar a autenticidade dos tubérculos desta espécie, uma vez que esta parte da droga é utilizada tradicionalmente na Índia e, também, para diferenciá-la de outras espécies de Momordica.